INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY

Abstract:  This study does a systematic comparative examination of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles generated by five sol–gel processing methods, seeking to establish a correlation between synthesis circumstances, structural properties, and functional performance.   We used an integrated framework of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) to quantitatively link several structural descriptors—Scherrer crystallite size, Williamson–Hall microstrain, dislocation density, specific surface area (SSA), texture coefficients, and lattice refinements—with morphology and application potential. Nanoparticles with small crystallite size, high microstrain, and big SSA (sample S3) showed the best properties for photocatalytic and hydrogen production activity. On the other hand, defect-rich structures (S2 and S5) showed better gas-sensing skills.   Samples with bigger, stable grains (S1, S4) were strong enough to be used as coatings and electrochemical electrodes. This work is novel as it (i) establishes a five-sample sol-gel dataset for structure-application mapping, (ii) integrates various XRD-based metrics to enhance the accuracy of size-strain analysis, and (iii) proposes a predictive design framework for tailoring TiO₂ nanostructures to specific functional domains.   This study offers substantial directives for the defect and crystallite engineering of sol-gel synthesized TiO₂ nanomaterials.